Language Syntax

Overview

The language used by kalk is a full featured language with types, expressions, control flows, functions... with an easy and fluent syntax to work with.

In this document, you will find more details about its language features.

Types

kalk supports different type of numbers and formats. All digits can be separated with the underscore _ character.

Integers

Integers: from a byte to large integers with any number of digits.

Simple Integers

From 8 bits to 64 bits integers:

>>> 3
# 3
out = 3
>>> 14_768
# 14768
out = 14768
>>> display dev
# Display mode: dev (Developer)
>>> 3
# 3
out = 3
    # int - 32-bit
    = 0x_0000_0003
    = 0x____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____3
    = 0b_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0011

By default, an integer will be represented by an int (32 bits) or a long (64 bits) if the value is exceeding the range of an int.

But size of integers can be enforced by using specific type constructors:

8 bits: byte, sbyte
16 bits: ushort, short
32 bits: uint, int
64 bits: ulong, long

>>> display dev
# Display mode: dev (Developer)
>>> int(5)
# int(5)
out = 5
    # int - 32-bit
    = 0x_0000_0005
    = 0x____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____5
    = 0b_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0101
>>> long(5)
# long(5)
out = 5
    # long - 64-bit
    = 0x_00000000_00000005
    = 0x____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____5
    = 0b_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0101

You can convert a string to a specific integer value:

>>> int("5")
# int("5")
out = 5

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Big Integers

With any number of digits:

>>> 1e50
# 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
out = 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

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Hexadecimal Integers

Hexadecimal integers are prefixed by 0x followed by hexadecimal characters [0-9A-Fa-f] with an optional postfix specifier for unsigned (u or U):

>>> 0xFC1234 # hexa
# 16519732 # hexa
out = 16519732
>>> hex out
# hex(out)
out = "34 12 FC 00"
>>> hex out
# hex(out)
out = 16519732  
>>> 0x80000001
# -2147483647
out = -2147483647
>>> 0x80000001u # force unsigned with `u` postfix
# 2147483649 # force unsigned with `u` postfix
out = 2147483649
>>> 0xFF_AB_12_E3
# -5565725
out = -5565725

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Binary Integers

Binary integers are prefixed by 0b followed by binary characters 0 or 1 with an optional postfix specifier for unsigned (u or U):

>>> 0b11111010 # binary
# 250 # binary
out = 250
>>> bin out
# bin(out)
out = "11111010"
>>> bin out
# bin(out)
out = 250
>>> 0b11110000_00000000_00000000_00000000
# -268435456
out = -268435456
>>> 0b11110000_00000000_00000000_00000000u
# 4026531840
out = 4026531840

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Floats

kalk supports 4 kinds of float/decimal numbers:

half: IEEE 754 16-bit half precision float
float: IEEE 754 32-bit single precision float
double: IEEE 754 64-bit double precision float
decimal: 128-bit precision float

Half

Half IEEE 754 16-bit half precision float (4 digits precision). Use the constructor half to enforce a half.

>>> half(1.5)
# half(1.5)
out = 1.5
>>> half(2.3e-3f)
# half(0.0023f)
out = 0.0023
>>> display dev
# Display mode: dev (Developer)
>>> half(1.5)
# half(1.5)
out = 1.5
    # IEEE 754 - half float - 16-bit
    #
    = 0x_3E00
    = 0x____3____E____0____0
    #    seee eeff ffff ffff
    = 0b_0011_1110_0000_0000
    #   15       8         0
    #
    #  sign     exponent    |-- fraction -|
    =   1 * 2 ^ (15 - 15) * 0b1.1000000000f

Float

Float IEEE 754 32-bit single precision float (6-9 digits precision). Use the postfix f to enforce a float.

>>> 1.5f
# 1.5f
out = 1.5
>>> 2.3e-5f
# 2.3E-05f
out = 2.3E-05
>>> display dev
# Display mode: dev (Developer)
>>> 1.5f
# 1.5f
out = 1.5
    # IEEE 754 - float - 32-bit
    #
    = 0x_3FC0_0000
    = 0x____3____F____C____0____0____0____0____0
    #    seee eeee efff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff
    = 0b_0011_1111_1100_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000
    #   31      24        16         8         0
    #
    #  sign   exponent            |------ fraction -----|
    =   1 * 2 ^ (127 - 127) * 0b1.10000000000000000000000f

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Double

Double IEEE 754 64-bit double precision float (15-17 digits precision). This is the default when using a floating point number.

>>> 1.5
# 1.5
out = 1.5
>>> 3.7e21
# 3.7E+21
out = 3.7E+21
>>> display dev
# Display mode: dev (Developer)
>>> 1.5
# 1.5
out = 1.5
    # IEEE 754 - double - 64-bit
    #
    = 0x_3FF80000_00000000
    = 0x____3____F____F____8____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0____0
    #    seee eeee eeee ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff
    = 0b_0011_1111_1111_1000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000
    #   63                48                  32                  16                   0
    #
    # sign    exponent              |-------------------- fraction --------------------|
    =   1 * 2 ^ (1023 - 1023) * 0b1.1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

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Decimal

Decimal 128-bit precision float (28-29 digits precision). Use the postfix m for enforcing a decimal.

>>> 1.5m
# 1.5m
out = 1.5
>>> 1.56781920303940591068762166827m
# 1.5678192030394059106876216683m
out = 1.5678192030394059106876216683
>>> 1.56781920303940591068762166827m
# 1.5678192030394059106876216683m
out = 1.5678192030394059106876216683
    # Decimal 128-bit displayed as IEEE 754 - double - 64-bit
    #
    = 0x_3FF915C9_96B18541
    = 0x____3____F____F____9____1____5____C____9____9____6____B____1____8____5____4____1
    #    seee eeee eeee ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff
    = 0b_0011_1111_1111_1001_0001_0101_1100_1001_1001_0110_1011_0001_1000_0101_0100_0001
    #   63                48                  32                  16                   0
    #
    # sign    exponent              |-------------------- fraction --------------------|
    =   1 * 2 ^ (1023 - 1023) * 0b1.1001000101011100100110010110101100011000010101000001

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Binary as floats

By using the binary prefix 0b associated with a dot . you can express a floating point number. The postfix f can be applied to enforce float precision.

>>> 0b1.101f
# 1.625f
out = 1.625
    # IEEE 754 - float - 32-bit
    #
    = 0x_3FD0_0000
    = 0x____3____F____D____0____0____0____0____0
    #    seee eeee efff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff
    = 0b_0011_1111_1101_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000
    #   31      24        16         8         0
    #
    #  sign   exponent            |------ fraction -----|
    =   1 * 2 ^ (127 - 127) * 0b1.10100000000000000000000f

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Boolean

A boolean value is true or false.

>>> true
# true
out = true
>>> false
# false
out = false
>>> bool(1)
# bool(1)
out = true
>>> bool(0)
# bool(0)
out = false
>>> bool("true")
# bool("true")
out = true
>>> bool("false")
# bool("false")
out = false

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Vectors

kalk supports multiple vector types:

# Type Vector Constructors
    - bool16, bool2, bool3, bool4, bool8, byte16, byte32, byte64, double2,
      double3, double4, double8, float16, float2, float3, float4, float8,
      half16, half2, half3, half32, half4, half8, int16, int2, int3, int4,
      int8, long2, long3, long4, long8, rgb, rgba, sbyte16, sbyte32, sbyte64,
      short16, short2, short32, short4, short8, uint16, uint2, uint3, uint4,
      uint8, ulong2, ulong3, ulong4, ulong8, ushort16, ushort2, ushort32,
      ushort4, ushort8, vector

They can be initialized with:

A single value

>>> float4(0.5)
# float4(0.5)
out = float4(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5)

An array of values

>>> float4([1,3,5,7])
# float4([1,3,5,7])
out = float4(1, 3, 5, 7)

Direct values

>>> float4(1,3,5,7)
# float4(1, 3, 5, 7)
out = float4(1, 3, 5, 7)

Mixed vector values

>>> float4(1.xyz, 5)
# float4(1.xyz, 5)
out = float4(1, 1, 1, 5)

They support swizzles xyzw and rgba operator:

>>> float4(1..4)
# float4(1..4)
out = float4(1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> out.xy
# out.xy
out = float2(1, 2)

Components can be array indexed as well:

>>> float4(5,6,7,8)
# float4(5, 6, 7, 8)
out = float4(5, 6, 7, 8)
>>> out[1]
# out[1]
out = 6

Arbitrary vector size can also be created:

>>> vector(float, 11, [2..12] |> cos)
# vector(float, 11, [2..12] |> cos)
out = vector(float, 11, -0.41614684, -0.9899925, -0.6536436, 0.2836622, 0.96017027, 0.75390226, -0.14550003, -0.91113025, -0.8390715, 0.004425698, 0.84385395)

Many functions are able to be applied to vector types as a whole:

>>> cos(float4(1..4))
# cos(float4(1..4))
out = float4(0.5403023, -0.41614684, -0.9899925, -0.6536436)

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Matrices

Similar to vector, matrices can be created with a single value:

>>> float4x4(1)
# float4x4(1)
out = float4x4(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)
      # col  0           1           2           3           / row
      float4(1         , 1         , 1         , 1         ) # 0
      float4(1         , 1         , 1         , 1         ) # 1
      float4(1         , 1         , 1         , 1         ) # 2
      float4(1         , 1         , 1         , 1         ) # 3

They can also be created with an array:

>>> float3x3(1..9)
# float3x3(1..9)
out = float3x3(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
      # col  0           1           2           / row
      float3(1         , 2         , 3         ) # 0
      float3(4         , 5         , 6         ) # 1
      float3(7         , 8         , 9         ) # 2

They can be created by combining them with vectors:

>>> float4x3(float3(1), float3(2), float3(3), float3(4))
# float4x3(float3(1), float3(2), float3(3), float3(4))
out = float4x3(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4)
      # col  0           1           2           / row
      float3(1         , 1         , 1         ) # 0
      float3(2         , 2         , 2         ) # 1
      float3(3         , 3         , 3         ) # 2
      float3(4         , 4         , 4         ) # 3

You can access the row of a matrix

>>> float3x3(1..9)
# float3x3(1..9)
out = float3x3(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
      # col  0           1           2           / row
      float3(1         , 2         , 3         ) # 0
      float3(4         , 5         , 6         ) # 1
      float3(7         , 8         , 9         ) # 2
>>> out[1]
# out[1]
out = float3(4, 5, 6)

Similar to vectors You can use functions to manipulate matrices:

# cos(float3x3(1..9))
out = float3x3(0.5403023, -0.41614684, -0.9899925, -0.6536436, 0.2836622, 0.96017027, 0.75390226, -0.14550003, -0.91113025)
      # col   0            1            2           / row
      float3( 0.5403023 , -0.41614684, -0.9899925 ) # 0
      float3(-0.6536436 ,  0.2836622 ,  0.96017027) # 1
      float3( 0.75390226, -0.14550003, -0.91113025) # 2

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Strings

You can create strings:

>>> "This is a string"
# "This is a string"
out = "This is a string"

It supports also interpolated strings:

>>> $"This is a {3 * 5} string"
# "This is a {3 * 5} string"
out = "This is a 15 string"

You can access a single character:

>>> "abcd"[1]
# "abcd"[1]
out = "b"

You can get the size of a string:

>>> "abcd".size
# "abcd".size
out = 4

Or by using the size function:

>>> "abcd" |> size
# "abcd" |> size
out = 4

You can convert a string to an ascii buffer:

>>> "Hello World!"
# "Hello World!"
out = "Hello World!"
>>> ascii out
# ascii(out)
out = bytebuffer([72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 32, 87, 111, 114, 108, 100, 33])

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Arrays

You can create arrays by specifying its values:

>>> [1, 3, 5, 7]
# [1, 3, 5, 7]
out = [1, 3, 5, 7]

You can access an element of the array:

>>> arr = [1, 3, 5, 7]
# arr = [1, 3, 5, 7]
arr = [1, 3, 5, 7]
>>> arr[2]
# arr[2]
out = 5

You can get the size of an array:

>>> [1, 3, 5, 7].size
# [1, 3, 5, 7].size
out = 4

Or by using the size function:

>>> [1, 3, 5, 7] |> size
# [1, 3, 5, 7] |> size
out = 4

Some functions can be applied on each element of the array:

>>> [1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11] |> fib
# [1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11] |> fib
out = [1, 2, 5, 13, 55, 89]

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Ranges

You can create an enumerator of values based on an inclusive range from..to

>>> 1..10
# 1..10
out = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

An exclusive range is defined by from..<to

>>> 1..<10
# 1..<10
out = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

A range can be created from variable or function results:

>>> x = 1
# x = 1
x = 1
>>> y = 6
# y = 6
y = 6
>>> x..y
# x..y
out = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Ranges share similar behavior to arrays (size, indexing...).

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Objects

Objects with properties can be created:

>>> {a: 1, b: 2, c: "yes", d: float4(1)}
# {a: 1, b: 2, c: "yes", d: float4(1)}
out = {a: 1, b: 2, c: "yes", d: float4(1, 1, 1, 1)}

Properties can be accessed by name or by dynamic indexer:

>>> obj = {a: 1, b: 2, c: "yes", d: float4(1)}
# obj = {a: 1, b: 2, c: "yes", d: float4(1)}
obj = {a: 1, b: 2, c: "yes", d: float4(1, 1, 1, 1)}
>>> obj.b
# obj.b
out = 2
>>> obj.c
# obj.c
out = "yes"
>>> obj["d"]
# obj["d"]
out = float4(1, 1, 1, 1)

You can extract keys and values from an object:

>>> obj = {a: 1, b: 2, c: "yes", d: float4(1)}
# obj = {a: 1, b: 2, c: "yes", d: float4(1)}
obj = {a: 1, b: 2, c: "yes", d: float4(1, 1, 1, 1)}
>>> obj |> keys
# obj |> keys
out = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
>>> obj |> values
# obj |> values
out = [1, 2, "yes", float4(1, 1, 1, 1)]

You can convert an object to a json string back and forth:

>>> import Web
# 8 functions successfully imported from module `Web`.
>>> {a: 1, b: "yes"} |> json
# {a: 1, b: "yes"} |> json
out = "{\"a\": 1, \"b\": \"yes\"}"
>>> json out
# json(out)
out = {a: 1, b: "yes"}

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ByteBuffers

Byte buffers are a special kind of array that can be used with CPU intrinsics and other memory functions:

>>> buf = bytebuffer(1..10)
# buf = bytebuffer(1..10)
buf = bytebuffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
>>> buf[0] = 255
>>> buf
# buf
out = bytebuffer([255, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])

A bytebuffer can be allocated:

>>> malloc(16)
# malloc(16)
out = bytebuffer([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])

You can take a slice/view of a buffer, while it manipulates the original content:

>>> buf = bytebuffer(1..10)
# buf = bytebuffer(1..10)
buf = bytebuffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
>>> buf1 = slice(buf, 1, 5)
# buf1 = slice(buf, 1, 5)
buf1 = slice(bytebuffer([2, 3, 4, 5, 6]), 1, 5)
>>> buf1[0] = 255
>>> buf
# buf
out = bytebuffer([1, 2, 255, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])

All types (except objects), can be converted to a bytebuffer representation via asbytes:

>>> float4(1..4) |> asbytes
# float4(1..4) |> asbytes
out = bytebuffer([0, 0, 128, 63, 0, 0, 0, 64, 0, 0, 64, 64, 0, 0, 128, 64])

A bytebuffer acts as a pointer for + operator with an integer:

>>> bytebuffer(1..10)
# bytebuffer(1..10)
out = bytebuffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
>>> out + 4
# out + 4
out = slice(bytebuffer([5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]), 4)

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Expressions

Nested

An expression enclosed by ( and )

>>> (2 - 5 * (1 + 3)) / 3
# (2 - 5 * (1 + 3)) / 3
out = -6

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With Numbers

The following binary operators are supported for numbers:

Operator	Description
`<left> + <right>`	add left to right number
`<left> - <right>`	substract right number from left
`<left> * <right>`	multiply left by right number
`<left> / <right>`	divide left by right number
`<left> // <right>`	divide left by right number and round to an integer
`<left> % <right>`	calculates the modulus of left by right
`<left> ^ <right>`	calculates the exponent of left by right

If left or right is a float and the other is an integer, the result of the operation will be a float.

>>> 1 + 2
# 1 + 2
out = 3
>>> 3 - 1
# 3 - 1
out = 2
>>> 3 * 4
# 3 * 4
out = 12
>>> 5 / 2
# 5 / 2
out = 2.5
>>> 5 // 2
# 5 // 2
out = 2
>>> 5 % 2
# 5 % 2
out = 1
>>> 4 ^ 3
# 4 ^ 3
out = 64

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With Strings

The following binary operators are supported for strings:

Operator	Description
`'left' + <right>`	concatenates left to right string: `"ab" + "c" -> "abc"`
`'left' * <right>`	concatenates the left string `right` times: `'a' * 5 -> aaaaa`. left and right and be swapped as long as there is one string and one number.

As long as there is a string in a binary operation, the other part will be automatically converted to a string.

>>> "abc" * 2
# "abc" * 2
out = "abcabc"

The following literals are converted to plain strings:

null -> "". e.g: "aaaa" + null -> "aaaa"
0 -> "0"
1.0 -> "1.0"
true -> "true"
false -> "false"

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With Arrays

The following binary operators are supported for arrays:

>>> [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6]
# [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6]
out = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Join array values with |:

>>> [1, 2, 3] | [1, 2, 4]
# [1, 2, 3] | [1, 2, 4]
out = [1, 2, 3, 4]

Select values from both left and right &:

>>> [1, 2, 3] & [1, 2, 4]
# [1, 2, 3] & [1, 2, 4]
out = [1, 2]

Multiply arrays with *:

>>> [1,3,5] * 3
# [1,3,5] * 3
out = [1, 3, 5, 1, 3, 5, 1, 3, 5]

Conditional

A boolean expression produces a boolean by comparing a left and right value.

Operator	Description
`<left> == <right>`	Is left equal to right?
`<left> != <right>`	Is left not equal to right?
`<left> > <right>`	Is left greater than right?
`<left> >= <right>`	Is left greater or equal to right?
`<left> < <right>`	Is left less than right?
`<left> <= <right>`	Is left less or equal to right?

They work with both numbers, strings and datetimes.

You can combine conditional expressions with && (and operator) and || (or operator). Unlike in javascript it always returns boolean and never <left> or <right>.

Operator	Description
`<left> && <right>`	Is left true and right true?
`<left> \|\| <right>`	Is left true or right true?

The conditional expression cond ? left : right allow to return left if cond is true otherwise right.

The operators work with all types except objects (e.g basic, vector, matrices, arrays):

>>> 1 == 2
# 1 == 2
out = false
>>> float4(1,2,3,4) == float4(1,0,3,0)
# float4(1, 2, 3, 4) == float4(1, 0, 3, 0)
out = bool4(true, false, true, false)
>>> [1, 2, 3] == [1, 0, 3]
# [1, 2, 3] == [1, 0, 3]
out = false
>>> [1, 2, 3] == [1, 2, 3]
# [1, 2, 3] == [1, 2, 3]
out = true

The operator left ?? right can be used to return the right value if left is null.

>>> a = null
# a = null
a = null
>>> b = "yes"
# b = "yes"
b = "yes"
>>> a ?? b
# a ?? b
out = "yes"

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Control Flows

Multiple statements

kalk supports multiple statements on the same line separated by ;

>>> x = 1; y = 2; x + y
# x = 1; y = 2; x + y
x = 1
y = 2
out = 3

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If statements

Supports for if, else, and else if statements:

if <condition>; <statements>; else; <statements>; end;

>>> x = 1; if x < 1; y = 2; else; y = 3; end; x + y
# x = 1; if x < 1; y = 2; else; y = 3; end; x + y
x = 1
y = 3
out = 4

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Loop statements

Supports for the following for loop syntax:

for <condition> in <expression>; <statements>; end;

>>> for x in 1..10; y = x; end
# for x in 1..10; y = x; end
y = 1
y = 2
y = 3
y = 4
y = 5
y = 6
y = 7
y = 8
y = 9
y = 10

Supports for while loop syntax:

while <condition>; <statements>; end;

>>> x = 10; while x > 0; x = x - 1; end
# x = 10; while x > 0; x = x - 1; end
x = 10
x = 9
x = 8
x = 7
x = 6
x = 5
x = 4
x = 3
x = 2
x = 1
x = 0

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Special loop variables

The following variables are accessible within a for block:

Name	Description
`for.index`	The current `index` of the for loop
`for.rindex`	The current `index` of the for loop starting from the end of the list
`for.first`	A boolean indicating whether this is the first step in the loop
`for.last`	A boolean indicating whether this is the last step in the loop
`for.even`	A boolean indicating whether this is an even row in the loop
`for.odd`	A boolean indicating whether this is an odd row in the loop
`for.changed`	A boolean indicating whether a current value of this iteration changed from previous step

>>> for x in 1..10; print(for.index + " first: " + for.first + " last: " + for.last); end;
0 first: true last: false
1 first: false last: false
2 first: false last: false
3 first: false last: false
4 first: false last: false
5 first: false last: false
6 first: false last: false
7 first: false last: false
8 first: false last: false
9 first: false last: true

Within a while statement, the following variables can be used:

Name	Description
`while.index`	The current `index` of the while loop
`while.first`	A boolean indicating whether this is the first step in the loop
`while.even`	A boolean indicating whether this is an even row in the loop
`while.odd`	A boolean indicating whether this is an odd row in the loop

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`break` and `continue`

You can use break and continue within loops as in standard languages.

>>> for x in 1..10; if x > 5; break; end; x * 2; end
# for x in 1..10; if x > 5; break; end; x * 2; end
out = 2
out = 4
out = 6
out = 8
out = 10

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Functions

Inline functions

A simple inline function can be declared with:

<function_name>(argName1, argName2, ...argNameN) = <expression>

>>> f(x, y, z) = x + 2y + 3z
# f(x, y, z) = x + 2 * y + 3 * z
f(x, y, z) = x + 2 y + 3 z
>>> f(1,2,3)
# f(1, 2, 3)
out = 14

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Multiline functions

func <function_name>(argName1, argName2, ...argNameN); <statements>; end;

>>> func f(x,y); for v in x..y; 2v; end; end
# func f(x,y); for v in x..y; 2 * v; end; end
func f(x,y); for v in x .. y; 2 v; end; end
>>> f(1,10)
# f(1, 10)
out = 2
out = 4
out = 6
out = 8
out = 10
out = 12
out = 14
out = 16
out = 18
out = 20

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Anonymous functions

Anonymous functions are like simple functions but can be used in expressions (e.g as the last argument of function call)

>>> f = do (x,y); ret x + y; end;
# f = do(x,y); ret x + y; end;
f = do(x,y); ret x + y; end;
>>> f(1,2)
# f(1, 2)
out = 3

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Function Pointers

A function can be passed to another function by using the operator @ in front of the function to stop the evaluation and allow to pass the function as a "pointer".

>>> f(x) = x + 1
# f(x) = x + 1
f(x) = x + 1
>>> g(y, z) = y(z)
# g(y, z) = y(z)
g(y, z) = y(z)
>>> g(@f, 5)
# g(@f, 5)
out = 6

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Language Syntax

Overview

Types

Integers

Simple Integers

Big Integers

Hexadecimal Integers

Binary Integers

Floats

Half

Float

Double

Decimal

Binary as floats

Boolean

Vectors

Matrices

Strings

Arrays

Ranges

Objects

ByteBuffers

Expressions

Nested

With Numbers

With Strings

With Arrays

Conditional

Control Flows

Multiple statements

If statements

Loop statements

Special loop variables

break and continue

Functions

Inline functions

Multiline functions

Anonymous functions

Function Pointers

`break` and `continue`